'Autor: Rafael
I - A MENTIRA
1- “Pope Constantine was born Flavius Valerius Constantinus at Nis on Feb. 27, 280, in what is now Serbia, son of the commander Constantius Chlorus (later Constantius I) and Helena [...]. ” [O papa Constantino nasceu {como} Flávio Valério Constantino em Nis em 27 de fevereiro de 280, onde hoje é a Sérvia, filho do comandante Constâncio Cloro (posteriormente Constâncio I) e Helena {Santa Helena}...]2- “Pope Constantine united Church and State.” [O Papa Constantino uniu a Igreja e o Estado]
II -ONDE SE ENCONTRA
http://www.reformation.org/meet_the_first_pope.html
III - A VERDADE DOCUMENTAL
Interpretando muito distorcidamente os textos de Eusébio de Cesárea e de outros historiadores do ou sobre o período de Constantino, os espertalhões do site concluem que Constantino foi o primeiro Papa e que uniu Igreja e Estado.
REFUTAÇÃO
Não cabe aqui citar novamente os textos patrísticos já expostos pelo Oswaldo e pelo Fernando em outros tópicos provando que já existiam Papas antes de Constantino. Aliás, se me for permitido o comentário, a tese do site é tão ridícula e eles nem ao menos tentam expor um argumento, simplesmente jogando a informação como certa.
Ora sabemos que Constantino I foi Imperador Romano e que ostentou, mesmo após a conversão ao Cristianismo, o título de "Pontifex Maximus" pagão, visto que não aboliu os cultos pagãos. Mas disto concluir que ele foi papa já é demais! Aliás, havia um papa nessa época, era São Silvestre I, que inclusive aprovou a reunião do Concílio de Nicéia convocada pelo Imperador Constantino, enviando como representantes papais dois clérigos.
Agora vejamos à segunda afirmação.
É errado dizer que Constantino uniu a Igreja com o Estado, visto que não tornou o cristianismo religião oficial do Império [tal fato só ocorreria posteriormente com o Imperador Teodósio I através de Decreto "Cunctos Populos"].
No Edito de Milão, Constantino concede apenas a liberdade de culto para os cristãos, baseado numa ética de tolerância, que o imperador julgava necessária à paz no império. No texto do Edito pode-se ler:
O EDITO DE MILÃO naugurou uma nova fase na arte cristã.
“Nós, Constantino e Licínio, Imperadores, encontrando-nos em Milão para conferenciar a respeito do bem e da segurança do império, decidimos que, entre tantas coisas benéficas à comunidade, o culto divino deve ser a nossa primeira e principal preocupação. Pareceu-nos justo que todos, os cristãos inclusive, gozem da liberdade de seguir o culto e a religião de sua preferência. Assim Deus que mora no céu ser-nos-á propício a nós e a todos nossos súditos. Decretamos, portanto, que não, obstante a existência de anteriores instruções relativas aos cristãos, os que optarem pela religião de Cristo sejam autorizados a abraçá-las sem estorvo ou empecilho, e que ninguém absolutamente os impeça ou moleste... . Observai outrossim, que também todos os demais terão garantia a livre e irrestrita prática de suas respectivas religiões, pois está de acordo com a estrutura estatal e com a paz vigente que asseguremos a cada cidadão a liberdade de culto segundo sua consciência e eleição; não pretendemos negar a consideração que merecem as religiões e seus adeptos. Outrossim, com referência aos cristãos, ampliando normas estabelecidas já sobre os lugares de seus cultos, é-nos grato ordenar, pela presente, que todos que compraram esses locais os restituam aos cristãos sem qualquer pretensão a pagamento... [as igrejas recebidas como donativo e os demais que antigamente pertenciam aos cristãos deviam ser devolvidos. Os proprietários, porém, podiam requerer compensação.] Use-se da máxima diligência no cumprimento das ordenanças a favor dos cristãos e obedeça-se a esta lei com presteza, para se possibilitar a realização de nosso propósito de instaurar a tranquilidade pública. Assim continue o favor divino, já experimentado em empreendimentos momentosíssimos, outorgando-nos o sucesso, garantia do bem comum." (CONSTANTINO E LICÍNIO. Edito de MIlão)
Por fim cabe-nos perguntar se Constantino modificou de fato as doutrinas cristãs.
Parece-me fácil dizer que não, visto que a influência dos imperadores romanos nos assuntos religiosos era ínfima, bastando lembrar-nos que a corrente cristã apoiada por eles [arianista] foi considerada herética pelo Concílio de Nicéia. Entretanto Constantino não retirou o seu apoio aos hereges, o que lhe valeu a oposição de muitos bispos, entre eles Santo Atanásio de Alexandria, cujo papel no combate à política pró-ariana de Constâncio II (filho e sucessor de Constantino) será notória na história eclesiástica do século IV.
Uma coisa é certa, até mesmo Lutero reconhecia São Pedro como papa. Isso é claro na tese n.78.
“Dizemos contra isto que qualquer papa, mesmo São Pedro, tem maiores graças que essas, a saber, o Evangelho, as virtudes, as graças da administração (ou da cura), etc., como está escrito em I.Coríntios XII. ”
Cai a farsa
Source: servosdemariaamordedeus.blogspot.com
State Rep. Cherelle Parker awarded honorary doctorate from Lutheran Seminary
“Like Langston Hughes said in his poem ‘Mother to Son,’ my life ain’t been no crystal stair…I’m not supposed to be standing here. It is nothing but the hand of God in my life that moved people to help create my village that made it possible.”
Those moving comments by State Rep. Cherelle Lesley Parker of the Commonwealth’s 200th Legislative District, came as she received an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree recently during the 145th commencement exercises of The Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia (LTSP).
Parker, in thanking LTSP for the honor, told the seminary community of graduates-to-be, alums, faculty, staff, and friends, including mentors and family members, that she was brought up “by a teenage mother and grandparents, who needed to secure public assistance to raise me in an environment of drugs of any kind imaginable, [where] the odds were against my success.” She told the gathering she feels her mission as a political leader in today’s challenging time is to “close the gap between the haves and the have-nots” in part by remembering what it once was like to be a have-not. She closed by recalling a remark attributed to Marian Wright Edelman of the Children’s Defense Fund, which she read from the writings of pioneering African American U.S. Representative Shirley Chisholm: “Service is the rent we pay for the privilege of living here on earth…” She said she believes her debt is “paid up” and she urged the seminary’s present and future leaders “to make sure yours is paid up too.”
Parker was elected in 2005 as the youngest African American woman ever elected to the Pennsylvania State House, representing some 60,000 citizens of her district, which covers portions of Northwest Philadelphia. Her committee assignments include Appropriations and Labor Relations. Parker’s other intensive efforts are on behalf of handgun control, energy conservation, and the special needs of youngsters whose parents are incarcerated. She has actively supported local and state economic development legislative initiatives, including renewal of the Germantown Avenue and Wadsworth Avenue business corridors, and The Brossman Learning Center and William Allen Square on the seminary campus.
A graduate of Lincoln University, Parker serves on numerous boards, including Lincoln’s and the National Congress of Black Women. She earned a Certificate from the Senior Executives in State and Local Government Program at Harvard University in 2008 and participated in the University of Virginia Emerging Political Leaders program in 2006. Lincoln named her an Outstanding Alumna in 2007, and she was named one of the Most Influential African Americans in Philadelphia the same year by The Philadelphia Tribune.
Rep. Parker and LTSP President Philip D.W. Krey before commencement
Rep. Parker receiving academic hood (left to right: LTSP President Philip D.W. Krey,LTSP Dean J. Paul Rajashekar, Rep. Parker, LTSP Board Chair Dr. Addie Butler)
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LTSP Alumnus named ELCA Executive for Worship and Liturgical Resources
LTSP alumnus The Rev. Robert G. Schaefer, '84, will become executive for worship and liturgical resources of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) effective March 1. LTSP alumna The Rev. Jennifer Ollikainen, '02, STM '06, is also a member of the staff of Worship and Liturgical Resources as Associate for Worship Resources.
Here's the release from the ELCA's news service:
Robert Schaefer Named ELCA Executive for Worship and Liturgical Resources
ELCA NEWS SERVICE
February 2, 2009
CHICAGO (ELCA) -- The Rev. Robert G. Schaefer will become executive for worship and liturgical resources of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) effective March 1.
Since 2004 Schaefer has been assistant to the bishop of the ELCA Florida-Bahamas Synod, based in Tampa, Fla. He succeeds the Rev. Michael L. Burk, who was elected in 2008 to serve as bishop of the ELCA Southeastern Iowa Synod, based in Iowa City.
"I am passionate about how the church's worship is connected to God's mission in the world. Our Christian identity, given in Baptism, is shaped and formed by the liturgy," said Schaefer.
"I hope to encourage a conversation that fosters the close connection between the centrality of the local assembly's weekly gathering around Word and Sacrament and its evangelical mission and compassionate service in its community," said Schaefer. "It will be exciting to be given the opportunity to be part of building on and continuing to interpret the remarkable family of worship resources that Evangelical Lutheran Worship has introduced to this church."
Born in 1957 in Bronxville, N.Y., Schaefer graduated from Iona College, New Rochelle, N.Y., in 1979, and The Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia (LTSP) in 1984. LTSP is one of eight ELCA seminaries.
From 1987 to 2004 Schaefer served as pastor of ELCA congregations in Tampa, Rockville Centre, N.Y., and Liberty, N.Y. He led a variety of church and synod worship committees from 1990 to 2006.
"I am delighted to welcome the Rev. Robert Schaefer to the position of executive for worship and liturgical resources. Drawing upon his diverse and rich experiences as a parish pastor and synod staff member, Pastor Schaefer will provide important leadership as we continue to center our life together in worship on the means of grace," said the Rev. Mark S. Hanson, ELCA presiding bishop.
Schaefer "brings a deep commitment to the centrality of Word and Sacrament to our Lutheran identity and understands that our growing as an evangelical church in mission is inseparable from what occurs in worship. I look forward to his leadership in the growing conversations about preaching in this church," Hanson said.
In a letter to members of the ELCA Florida-Bahamas Synod, the Rev. Edward R. Benoway, bishop of the synod, said Schaefer "will be missed."
"Pastor Schaefer worked with leadership development throughout the synod, including representing me at most candidacy committee meetings and seminary review panels," said Benoway. "He was very instrumental in implementing a comprehensive diakonia program in our synod and helped to further the synodical deacon program."
Schaefer is married to the Rev. Jennifer E.S. Schaefer. They have three daughters.
- - -
Information about ELCA Worship and Liturgical resources is at http://www.ELCA.org/Growing-In-Faith/Worship.aspx on the ELCA Web site.
For information contact:
John Brooks, Director (773) 380-2958 or news@elca.org
http://www.elca.org/news
ELCA News Blog: http://www.elca.org/news/blog
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